The Ruins of Polonnaruwa

 The Ruins of Polonnaruwa: A Testament to Sri Lanka's Glorious Past

 

Polonnaruwa, the second ancient capital of Sri Lanka, is a stunning reminder of the island's rich and diverse history. Located in the North Central Province, Polonnaruwa succeeded Anuradhapura as the country's capital in the 11th century CE. The ruins of this ancient city, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, provide a fascinating glimpse into Sri Lanka's medieval period, reflecting its grandeur, spirituality, and advanced urban planning. The site, with its majestic palaces, temples, and reservoirs, stands as a testament to the ingenuity and vision of the rulers who shaped this era.

Historical Background

Polonnaruwa became the capital of Sri Lanka after the decline of Anuradhapura, following repeated invasions by South Indian dynasties. The city rose to prominence during the reign of King Vijayabahu I (1055-1110 CE), who liberated the island from Chola invaders and established Polonnaruwa as the capital. However, it was during the reign of his grandson, King Parakramabahu I (1153-1186 CE), that Polonnaruwa reached its zenith.

King Parakramabahu I is often considered the greatest ruler of Polonnaruwa. His reign marked a period of great architectural and agricultural advancements. He was a visionary who believed in the importance of irrigation and water management, famously declaring that "not even a drop of water should flow into the ocean without benefiting mankind." Under his rule, massive irrigation systems, including the Parakrama Samudra—a vast man-made reservoir—were constructed, ensuring the prosperity of the kingdom.

Following Parakramabahu’s reign, the city continued to thrive under subsequent rulers, such as King Nissankamalla (1187-1196 CE), who further embellished the city with numerous religious monuments. However, by the end of the 13th century, Polonnaruwa began to decline, partly due to invasions and the shifting political landscape, leading to its abandonment as the capital.

Architectural Marvels

The ruins of Polonnaruwa are spread across a sprawling area and include a wide array of structures that highlight the architectural and artistic prowess of the time. The city was divided into several zones, including the Citadel, the Sacred Quadrangle, and the Outer City, each housing important buildings and monuments.

1. The Royal Palace and Audience Hall

The Royal Palace of King Parakramabahu I, known as the “Vejayanta Prasada,” is one of the most significant structures within the Citadel. Though only a few walls remain, the ruins suggest that the palace was once a grand seven-storied structure with over a thousand rooms. The sheer scale and the intricate details of the remaining walls provide a glimpse into the opulence and grandeur of the royal court.

Adjacent to the palace is the Audience Hall, another remarkable structure that has survived the ravages of time. The hall is supported by beautifully carved stone pillars, each depicting various animal figures, a testament to the skilled craftsmanship of the era. The Audience Hall was likely used for royal ceremonies and gatherings, and its design reflects both functionality and aesthetic appeal.

2. The Sacred Quadrangle

The Sacred Quadrangle, also known as the Dalada Maluwa, is the heart of Polonnaruwa’s religious architecture. This compact area contains some of the most revered and intricately designed religious monuments of the city.

  • Vatadage: The Vatadage is perhaps the most iconic structure within the Sacred Quadrangle. This circular relic house is believed to have once housed the Tooth Relic of the Buddha, a symbol of political legitimacy and religious significance. The Vatadage is surrounded by concentric stone pillars and features four entrances, each guarded by beautifully carved stone stairways. At the center stands a stupa, surrounded by four Buddha statues facing the cardinal directions.

  • Thuparama: Another notable structure within the Sacred Quadrangle is the Thuparama, a large image house that contains a well-preserved statue of the Buddha. The walls of the Thuparama are adorned with intricate carvings, showcasing the artistic excellence of the Polonnaruwa period.

  • Atadage: The Atadage, built by King Vijayabahu I, is believed to have been the first Tooth Relic shrine in Polonnaruwa. Though only a few pillars and the base remain today, the Atadage was once a two-storied structure that housed the sacred relic.

3. Gal Vihara

The Gal Vihara is one of the most iconic and revered monuments in Polonnaruwa. It is a rock temple that features four Buddha statues carved out of a single granite rock face. These statues, which include a 14-meter-long reclining Buddha, a seated Buddha in deep meditation, and a standing Buddha, are considered masterpieces of Sinhalese rock carving.

The serene expression and intricate detailing of these statues reflect the spiritual and artistic achievements of the time. The Gal Vihara is not only a place of worship but also an important example of the sophisticated stone carving techniques that were developed during the Polonnaruwa period.

4. Lankatilaka Vihara

The Lankatilaka Vihara is a massive image house that once contained a colossal standing statue of the Buddha. The structure, with its towering walls, is one of the most imposing buildings in Polonnaruwa. Though the statue is now partially destroyed, the grandeur of the Lankatilaka Vihara remains evident. The walls are adorned with intricate carvings and inscriptions, further highlighting the architectural and artistic sophistication of the era.

The Legacy of Polonnaruwa

The ruins of Polonnaruwa offer more than just a glimpse into the past; they embody the legacy of a civilization that was advanced in both its intellectual and spiritual pursuits. The city’s sophisticated urban planning, with its well-laid-out streets, reservoirs, and drainage systems, reflects a deep understanding of engineering and sustainable development.

Moreover, the religious and cultural monuments of Polonnaruwa illustrate the harmonious blend of different artistic traditions, influenced by both local and South Indian styles. This cultural synthesis is evident in the design of the temples, the carvings, and the overall aesthetic of the city.

 

The ruins of Polonnaruwa are not merely remnants of a bygone era but are enduring symbols of Sri Lanka's historical and cultural heritage. They stand as a testament to the island's rich history, the vision of its rulers, and the artistic and engineering achievements of its people. Today, Polonnaruwa continues to inspire awe and admiration among visitors, offering a profound connection to the past and a reminder of the enduring legacy of Sri Lanka's ancient civilizations.

 

           By

Asanga Divulwewa

0760373002, 0750356145

 

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